日本書紀 巻第七
720年に成立した日本書紀の巻第七を、全12節、日本語と英語の対訳で置く。 巻第七、景行天皇と成務天皇。天皇自身の筑紫巡幸に続いて、日本武尊の西征と東征が語られる。川上梟帥の討伐、駿河の火攻めと草薙剣、走水に入る弟橘媛、蝦夷の服属、胆吹山の神と能褒野での死、そして白鳥。古事記が日本武尊を天皇に疎まれる者として描くのに対し、日本書紀では天皇の命を奉じる将としての面が強い。 訳はナラティビスト編集部による。既存の現代語訳・英訳は引き写していない。 内容の確認には Aston の英訳（1896年、公有）を参照した。
即位と纒向日代宮、八十人の御子
Accession, the Palace of Hishiro at Makimuku, and the Eighty Children
景行天皇（大足彦忍代別天皇）は、垂仁天皇（活目入彦五十狭茅天皇）の第三子である。母を日葉酢媛命といい、丹波道主王の女である。垂仁天皇三十七年春正月一日、21歳で皇太子に立った。垂仁天皇九十九年春二月、垂仁天皇が崩じた。
元年秋七月十一日、皇太子が天皇の位に即いた。この年を天皇の元年とした。
二年春三月三日、播磨稲日大郎姫を立てて皇后とした。皇后は二男を生んだ。第一を大碓皇子といい、第二を小碓尊という。一書には、皇后は三男を生んだといい、第三を稚倭根子皇子という。大碓皇子と小碓尊とは同じ日に同じ胞で生まれた。天皇はこれを異しんで碓に向かって叫んだ。それで二人の王を名づけて大碓・小碓という。小碓尊はまたの名を日本童男といい、また日本武尊という。幼くして雄々しい気があり、成人しては容貌が魁偉で、身の丈一丈、力は鼎を挙げるほどであった。
三年春二月一日、紀伊国に行幸して諸の神祇を祭ろうとした。占ったが吉と出なかったので、行幸をやめ、屋主忍男武雄心命を遣わして祭らせた。屋主忍男武雄心命は阿備の柏原に住んで神祇を祭り、そこに九年住んだ。紀直の遠祖 菟道彦の女 影媛を娶って武内宿禰を生んだ。
四年春二月十一日、美濃に行幸した。左右の者が「この国に美人がいる。弟媛といい、容姿が端正で、八坂入彦皇子の女である」と申した。天皇は妃にしようとして弟媛の家に行幸した。弟媛は天皇の車駕が来ると聞いて竹林に隠れた。天皇は弟媛を来させようとして泳宮に留まった。池に鯉を放って、朝夕に見て遊んだ。弟媛はその鯉を見ようと思って、密かに来て池を見た。天皇はとどめて召した。弟媛は「私は交接の道を願いません。ただ、姉の八坂入媛は容姿が美しく志も貞潔です。後宮に納れてください」と申した。天皇は許した。そこで八坂入媛を召して妃とし、七男六女を生んだ。第一を稚足彦天皇といい、第二を五百城入彦皇子といい、第三を忍之別皇子といい、第四を稚倭根子皇子といい、第五を大酢別皇子といい、第六を渟熨斗皇女といい、第七を渟名城皇女といい、第八を五百城入姫皇女といい、第九を麛依姫皇女といい、第十を五十狭城入彦皇子といい、第十一を吉備兄彦皇子といい、第十二を高城入姫皇女といい、第十三を弟姫皇女という。
またこれより先、天皇は美濃国造の祖 神骨の女、兄遠子・弟遠子が容姿すぐれていると聞き、大碓命を遣わして様子を見させた。大碓命は二人の女を密かに娶り、ついに復命しなかった。それで天皇は大碓命を恨んだ。
冬十一月一日、都を纒向に遷した。これを日代宮という。
天皇の御子は男女あわせて80人である。そのうち日本武尊・稚足彦天皇・五百城入彦皇子を除いて、70余の子はみな国郡に封じ、それぞれその国に行かせた。それで今の世に諸国の別というのは、その別王の子孫である。
Emperor Keikō (Ōtarashihiko-oshirowake) was the third son of Emperor Suinin (Ikume-iribiko-isachi). His mother was Hibasuhime no Mikoto, a daughter of Tanba no Michinushi no Ō. On the first day of the first month of the thirty-seventh year of Suinin's reign, at the age of 21, he was made heir. In the second month of the ninety-ninth year, Emperor Suinin died.
On the eleventh day of the seventh month, the heir took the throne, and that year was counted as the first year of his reign.
On the third day of the third month of the second year, Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume was made empress. She bore two sons. The first was Prince Ōusu, the second Ousu no Mikoto. One record says she bore three sons, the third being Prince Wakayamatoneko. Prince Ōusu and Ousu no Mikoto were born on the same day from the same afterbirth. The emperor thought this strange and called out over a mortar, and for that reason the two princes were named Ōusu and Ousu, Great Mortar and Little Mortar. Ousu no Mikoto was also called Yamato Oguna, and also Yamatotakeru no Mikoto. As a boy his temper was bold; when he had grown he was of imposing build, ten feet tall, and strong enough to lift a cauldron.
On the first day of the second month of the third year, the emperor wished to go to the province of Kii and make offerings to the gods. The divination was not favourable, so he did not go, and sent Yanushi-oshio-takeo-kokoro no Mikoto to make the offerings instead. He lived at Kashiwabara in Abi and served the gods there for nine years. He took to wife Kagehime, a daughter of Ujihiko, distant ancestor of the Ki no Atae, and she bore Takeuchi no Sukune.
On the eleventh day of the second month of the fourth year, the emperor went to Mino. His attendants said: "There is a beautiful woman in this province. Her name is Otohime, her form is well made, and she is a daughter of Prince Yasaka-irihiko." The emperor went to Otohime's house, meaning to take her as a consort. Hearing that the imperial carriage was coming, she hid in a bamboo grove. To draw her out, the emperor stayed at the palace of Kukuri. He put carp into the pond and looked at them morning and evening for his pleasure. Otohime wanted to see the carp, and came secretly to look at the pond. The emperor stopped her and called her to him. She said: "I have no wish for the way of union. But my elder sister Yasaka-irihime is beautiful in form and firm in purpose. Take her into the palace." The emperor consented. He called Yasaka-irihime and made her a consort, and she bore seven sons and six daughters. The first was Emperor Wakatarashihiko, the second Prince Iokiirihiko, the third Prince Oshinowake, the fourth Prince Wakayamatoneko, the fifth Prince Ōsuwake, the sixth Princess Nunoshi, the seventh Princess Nunaki, the eighth Princess Iokiirihime, the ninth Princess Kayoribime, the tenth Prince Isakiirihiko, the eleventh Prince Kibi no Ehiko, the twelfth Princess Takakiirihime, and the thirteenth Princess Otohime.
Before this the emperor had heard that Etoko and Ototoko, daughters of Kamuhone, ancestor of the governors of Mino, were of fine appearance, and he sent Ōusu no Mikoto to look at them. Ōusu no Mikoto took both women for himself in secret and never reported back. For this the emperor bore a grudge against him.
On the first day of the eleventh month the capital was moved to Makimuku. It is called the palace of Hishiro.
The emperor's children, sons and daughters together, numbered 80. Apart from Yamatotakeru no Mikoto, Emperor Wakatarashihiko, and Prince Iokiirihiko, the seventy and more others were all given lands in the provinces and districts and sent each to his own. The families called Wake in the provinces today are the descendants of those princes.
古事記は大帯日子淤斯呂和氣天皇の宮を纒向之日代宮とする点で一致するが、御子の総数を21王（記録された者）と80王（記録されない者を含む）に分け、大碓命・小碓命の双生と碓に向かって叫んだという由来を語らず、美濃の兄比売・弟比売を大碓命が横取りした一件を、天皇が小碓命に「ねぎし教え覚せ」と命じる場面の前置きとして詳しく述べる。本データベースの名称はヤマトタケルだが、本文には日本書紀の表記（小碓尊・日本武尊）を採った。景行天皇の在位60年・106歳という紀年をそのまま実年代に換算できるとする説は現在ほとんど採られず、日本書紀の初期紀年は讖緯思想に基づく遡及的構成とみる見方が有力である。
筑紫巡幸（一）周芳の神夏磯媛と豊前・碩田
The Progress to Tsukushi (1): Kamunashihime of Suō, Buzen, and Ōkida
十二年秋七月、熊襲が叛いて朝貢しなかった。八月十五日、筑紫に行幸した。
九月五日、周芳の娑麼に着いた。天皇は南を望んで群卿に詔した。「南の方に多くの烟が立っている。必ず賊がいるだろう。」そこで留まって、まず多臣の祖 武諸木、国前臣の祖 菟名手、物部君の祖 夏花を遣わして様子を見させた。神夏磯媛という女がいた。その徒衆は多く、一国の魁帥であった。天皇の使者が来たと聞いて、磯津山の賢木を抜き取り、上の枝に八握剣を掛け、中の枝に八咫鏡を掛け、下の枝に八尺瓊を掛け、また白旗を船の舳に立てて参向し、申した。「どうか兵を挙げないでください。私の属類は決して背きません。今すぐ帰順します。ただ悪しき賊がおります。一を鼻垂といい、みだりに名を称え、山谷に党を集めて菟狭の川上にいます。二を耳垂といい、貪り残なって人民を掠め奪い、御木の川上にいます。三を麻剥といい、密かに徒党を集めて高羽の川上にいます。四を土折猪折といい、青葉の山峡に隠れ住み、緑野の川上にいます。この四人は、その拠る所がみな要害の地で、それぞれ徒党を率いて、一処の長と称しています。みな『皇命に従わない』と申しております。どうか急いで撃ってください。逃してはなりません。」
武諸木らは、まず麻剥の仲間を誘い、赤い衣・褌と種々の珍しい物を与えて、来ない三人の賊をも招いた。三人はそれぞれ徒衆を率いてやって来た。ことごとくこれを捕えて殺した。
天皇はついに筑紫に着き、豊前国の長峡県に行宮を建てて住んだ。それでその処を名づけて京という。
冬十月、碩田国に着いた。その地の形は広く大きく、また麗しい。それでこれを名づけて碩田という。速見邑に着くと、速津媛という女がおり、一処の長であった。天皇の車駕が来ると聞いて自ら迎えて申した。「この山に大きな石窟があり、鼠の石窟といいます。二人の土蜘蛛がそこに住んでいます。一を青といい、二を白といいます。また直入県の禰疑野に三人の土蜘蛛がおります。一を打猿といい、二を八田といい、三を国摩侶といいます。この五人はみな力が強く、徒党も多く、みな『皇命に従わない』と申しております。もし強いて召されるなら、兵を挙げて防ぐでしょう。」
天皇はこれを悪んで進めず、来田見邑に留まって行宮を建てた。群臣と議して詔した。「今、多くの兵を発してその土蜘蛛を撃とう。もしわが兵の勢いに怖れて山野に隠れれば、必ず後の患いとなろう。」そこで海石榴の木を採って椎を作り、兵器とした。強い兵を選んでその椎を授け、山を穿ち草を薙いで、石窟の土蜘蛛を襲い、稲葉の川上で撃ち破り、ことごとくその徒衆を殺した。血が流れて踝まで浸った。それで時の人は、海石榴の椎を作った処を名づけて海石榴市といい、血の流れた処を名づけて血田という。
また打猿を撃とうとして禰疑山を越えた。そのとき賊の軍が横から発して矢を降らせ、官軍の前に流れること雨のようであった。天皇はまた城原に還って、水上に占って兵を整えた。まず八田を禰疑野で撃ち破った。打猿は勝てないと知って降ることを乞うたが、許されなかった。みな自ら谷に投げて死んだ。
In the seventh month of the twelfth year the Kumaso revolted and sent no tribute. On the fifteenth day of the eighth month the emperor set out for Tsukushi.
On the fifth day of the ninth month he came to Saba in Suō. Looking south, he said to the ministers: "Much smoke is rising in the south. There must surely be brigands there." He halted, and first sent Take-morogi, ancestor of the Ō no Omi, Unate, ancestor of the Kunisaki no Omi, and Natsuhana, ancestor of the Mononobe no Kimi, to look into it. There was a woman named Kamunashihime. Her followers were many, and she was the chief of a whole country. Hearing that the emperor's messengers had come, she pulled up a sacred sakaki tree from Mount Shitsu, hung an eight-hand sword on its upper branches, an eight-span mirror on its middle branches, and an eight-foot jewel on its lower branches, set a white flag at the prow of her ship, and came to meet them, saying: "Do not send out troops. My own people will not rebel. We submit now. But there are evil brigands. One is called Hanatari. He takes a name that is not his, gathers a band in the hills and valleys, and is at the upper reaches of the river at Usa. The second is called Mimitari. He is grasping and cruel, and plunders the people; he is at the upper reaches of the river at Mike. The third is called Asahagi. He gathers his followers in secret at the upper reaches of the river at Takaha. The fourth is called Tsuchiori-iori. He hides in a green mountain gorge at the upper reaches of the river at Midorino. These four hold places hard to attack, and each leads his own band and calls himself the head of a district. They all say they will not obey the imperial command. Strike them quickly. Do not let them slip away."
Take-morogi and the others first drew out Asahagi's people, giving them red garments and trousers and various rare things, and by this means they also called in the three brigands who had not come. Each of the three came leading his followers. All of them were seized and put to death.
The emperor then reached Tsukushi and built a temporary palace in the district of Nagao in the province of Buzen and lived there. For that reason the place is called Miyako, the capital.
In the tenth month he came to the land of Ōkida. The shape of the land was broad and large, and also fair; so it was named Ōkida, the great field. When he came to the village of Hayami there was a woman named Hayatsuhime, the head of that place. Hearing that the imperial carriage had come, she came out herself to meet him and said: "In this mountain there is a great cave called the Rat's Cave. Two Tsuchigumo live in it, one called Ao and the other Shiro. And on the moor of Negi in the district of Naoiri there are three Tsuchigumo, one called Uchizaru, one Yata, and one Kunimaro. These five are all strong and have many followers, and they all say they will not obey the imperial command. If they are summoned by force, they will raise troops and resist."
The emperor did not like this, and did not advance. He stayed at the village of Kutami and built a temporary palace there. Taking counsel with his ministers he said: "If we now send out many troops to strike these Tsuchigumo, and they take fright at the strength of our army and hide in the hills and moors, it will surely be a trouble to us afterwards." So camellia wood was cut and made into mallets for weapons. Picked soldiers were given these mallets, and they broke through the hills and cut down the grass, fell upon the Tsuchigumo of the Rat's Cave, and defeated them at the upper reaches of the river at Inaba, killing all their followers. The blood that flowed came up to the ankles. For this reason the people of that time called the place where the camellia mallets were made Tsubakiichi, and the place where the blood flowed Chida, the field of blood.
Next, in order to strike Uchizaru, the emperor crossed Mount Negi. Then the brigands' troops came out from the side and shot down arrows, which fell like rain in front of the imperial army. The emperor went back to Kihara, divined by the water, and put his forces in order. He first defeated Yata on the moor of Negi. Uchizaru, knowing he could not win, begged to surrender, but this was not allowed. They all threw themselves into a ravine and died.
古事記は景行天皇の巻に筑紫巡幸そのものを載せず、熊襲征討を小碓命ひとりの事績として語るため、神夏磯媛・速津媛・鼠の石窟・禰疑野にかかわる記述に対応するものがない。この一連の記事は豊前・豊後の地名起源を連ねる形をとり、豊後国風土記の記述と重なる部分が多いことから、風土記系の伝承が日本書紀に取り込まれたとみる説と、逆に国史の記述が風土記に及んだとみる説とがある。土蜘蛛は日本書紀・風土記を通じて服属しない在地の集団に一括して用いられる語で、特定の民族集団を指す語とはみられていない。
日向の高屋宮と熊襲、球磨・贈於の巡幸
The Palace of Takaya in Hyūga, the Kumaso, and the Progress through Kuma and Soo
冬十一月、日向国に着いて行宮を建てて住んだ。これを高屋宮という。
十二月五日、熊襲を討つことを議った。天皇は群卿に詔した。「聞くところでは、襲国に厚鹿文・迮鹿文という者がいる。この二人は熊襲の梟帥である。徒衆が多い。これを八十梟帥という。その勢いに当たるべくもないという。兵が少なければ賊を滅ぼすには足るまい。多くの兵を動かせば百姓の害となる。どうか刃に頼らずに、おのずからその国を平げられないか。」
一人の臣が進み出て申した。「熊襲梟帥に二人の女がおります。姉を市乾鹿文といい、妹を市鹿文といいます。容姿は端正で、心は雄々しくあります。厚く幣を与えて招き入れ、その様子を伺わせ、不意を襲えば、刃を汚さずに賊はおのずから敗れるでしょう。」
天皇は「そうしよう」と言った。そこで幣を示して二人の女を欺き、召し入れて幸した。市乾鹿文は密かに天皇に申した。「熊襲が服さないことを憂えられますな。私に良い計があります。一、二の兵をつけてください。」そして家に帰り、多くの酒を用意して父に飲ませた。父は酔って寝た。市乾鹿文は密かに父の弓の弦を断った。ついて来た兵の一人が進み出て熊襲梟帥を殺した。天皇はその不孝が甚だしいことを憎み、市乾鹿文を誅した。妹の市鹿文は火国造に与えた。
十三年夏五月、ことごとく襲国を平げた。それで高屋宮に住むこと、すでに六年であった。その国に御刀媛という美人がいた。召して妃とした。豊国別皇子を生んだ。これが日向国造の始祖である。
十七年春三月十二日、子湯県に行幸して丹裳小野に遊んだ。東を望んで左右の者に「この国は真っ直ぐに日の出る方に向いている」と言った。それでその国を名づけて日向という。この日、天皇は野の中の大きな石に登り、京を偲んで歌った。
やまとは 国のまほろば
たたなづく 青垣
山ごもれる やまとしうるはし
命の 全けむ人は
たたみこも 平群の山の
白樫が枝を 髻華に挿せ この子
愛しきよし 我家の方ゆ
雲居立ち来も
これを思国歌という。
十八年春三月、京に向かおうとして筑紫国を巡幸した。まず夷守に着いた。
夏四月三日、熊県に着いた。そこに熊津彦という兄弟二人がいた。天皇はまず兄熊を召した。すぐに使者に従って来た。次に弟熊を召した。しかし来なかった。それで兵を遣わして殺した。
十一日、海路から葦北の小島に泊まって食事をした。山部阿弭古の祖 小左を召して冷水を奉らせた。このとき島の中に水がなかった。どうしたらよいか分からず、天神地祇を仰いで祈った。たちまち寒い泉が崖の傍から湧き出た。それで汲んで奉った。それでその島を名づけて水島という。その泉は今も水島の崖にある。
五月一日、葦北を発って火国に着いた。日が暮れて夜が暗く、岸に着くことができなかった。遥かに火の光が見えた。天皇は舵取りに「真っ直ぐに火の処を指して行け」と詔した。火を指して行くと、岸に着くことができた。天皇はその火の光の主を問うたが、誰も自分の火だと言う者がなかった。人の火ではないと知って、その国を名づけて火国という。
六月三日、高来県から玉杵名邑に渡り、そこの土蜘蛛 津頬を殺した。十六日、阿蘇国に着いた。その国は広く遠く、人の住む姿が見えなかった。天皇が「この国に人はいるか」と言うと、二柱の神がいて、阿蘇都彦・阿蘇都媛という。たちまち人の形となって現れ「私ども二人がおります。どうして人がないことがありましょう」と言った。それでその国を名づけて阿蘇という。
秋七月四日、筑紫後国の御木に着いて、高田行宮に住んだ。倒れた木があった。長さ970丈である。多くの役人がその木を踏んで行き来した。時の人は歌った。
朝霜の 御木のさ小橋
群臣 い渡らすも
御木のさ小橋
天皇が「これは何の木か」と問うと、一人の老人が「この木は歴木といいます。昔まだ倒れなかったとき、朝日の光を受けては杵島山を隠し、夕日の光を受けては阿蘇山を覆いました」と申した。天皇は「この木は神の木である。それでこの国は御木国と称すべきだ」と言った。
七日、八女県に着いた。藤山を越えて南のかた粟岬を望んだ。天皇が「その山の峰々は重なりあって、まことに麗しい。もしや神がその山にいるのか」と詔すると、水沼県主 猿大海が「八女津媛という女神がおり、常に山の中にいます」と申した。それで八女国の名はここに起こった。
八月、的邑に着いて食事をした。この日、膳夫らが盞を忘れた。それで時の人は、その盞を忘れた処を名づけて浮羽といった。今、的というのは訛ったのである。昔、筑紫の人は盞を浮羽といった。
十九年秋九月二十日、日向から京に還った。
二十年春二月四日、五百野皇女を遣わして天照大神を祭らせた。
In the eleventh month the emperor reached the province of Hyūga and built a temporary palace there and lived in it. It is called the palace of Takaya.
On the fifth day of the twelfth month he took counsel about attacking the Kumaso. He said to the ministers: "I hear that in the land of Soo there are men called Atsukaya and Sakaya. These two are the leaders of the Kumaso, and their followers are many. They are called the eighty braves, and it is said that no one can stand against their strength. If our troops are few, they will not be enough to destroy the brigands; if we move many troops, it will be a burden on the people. Is there no way to bring that land to peace without relying on the blade?"
One of the ministers came forward and said: "The Kumaso brave has two daughters. The elder is called Ichifukaya and the younger Ichikaya. Their form is well made and their spirit is bold. Give them rich gifts and bring them in. Let them observe how things stand, and fall on the brigands unawares. Then the blade need not be stained and the brigands will be broken of themselves."
The emperor said: "Let it be so." Gifts were displayed to deceive the two women, they were called in, and he lay with them. Ichifukaya said to the emperor in secret: "Do not be troubled that the Kumaso will not submit. I have a good plan. Give me one or two soldiers." Then she went home, prepared much liquor, and gave it to her father to drink. He grew drunk and slept. Ichifukaya secretly cut her father's bowstring. One of the soldiers who had come with her stepped forward and killed the Kumaso brave. The emperor hated the greatness of her want of filial duty, and put Ichifukaya to death. Her younger sister Ichikaya he gave to the governor of Hi.
In the fifth month of the thirteenth year the land of Soo was entirely subdued. By then the emperor had lived in the palace of Takaya for six years. In that land there was a beautiful woman named Mihakashihime. He called her and made her a consort. She bore Prince Toyokuniwake, who is the first ancestor of the governors of Hyūga.
On the twelfth day of the third month of the seventeenth year the emperor went to the district of Koyu and rested at the small moor of Nimo. Looking east, he said to his attendants: "This land faces straight toward the quarter where the sun rises." So he named that land Hyūga, facing the sun. On that day the emperor climbed a great rock in the moor and, longing for the capital, sang:
Yamato is the finest of lands,
fold upon fold of green hedges,
hidden among the mountains — Yamato the fair.
Whoever is whole in life,
let him wear in his hair
branches of white oak from Mount Heguri,
that child of mine.
Dear to me — from the quarter of my home
the clouds come rising.
This is called the song of longing for one's land.
In the third month of the eighteenth year, meaning to return to the capital, the emperor made a progress through the land of Tsukushi. He came first to Hinamori.
On the third day of the fourth month he came to the district of Kuma. There were two brothers there called Kumatsuhiko. The emperor first summoned the elder Kuma, and he came at once with the messenger. Then he summoned the younger Kuma, but he did not come. So soldiers were sent and he was killed.
On the eleventh day the emperor went by sea and stopped at a small island in Ashikita to eat. He called Ohidari, ancestor of the Yamabe no Abiko, and ordered him to bring cold water. But there was no water on the island. Not knowing what to do, Ohidari looked up and prayed to the gods of heaven and earth. At once a cold spring welled out from the side of the cliff. He drew from it and offered it. For this reason the island was named Mizushima, the island of water. The spring is still there at the cliff of Mizushima.
On the first day of the fifth month the emperor left Ashikita and came to the land of Hi. The sun set, the night was dark, and they could not reach the shore. Far off a light of fire could be seen. The emperor said to the steersman: "Steer straight for the fire." Steering for the fire, they came to shore. The emperor asked whose fire that light was, but no one said the fire was his. Knowing that it was no human fire, he named that land Hi, the land of fire.
On the third day of the sixth month he crossed from the district of Takaku to the village of Tamakina and killed a Tsuchigumo there named Tsutsura. On the sixteenth day he came to the land of Aso. The land was wide and far, and no sign of anyone living could be seen. The emperor said: "Are there any people in this land?" There were two gods, Asotsuhiko and Asotsuhime. Taking human form at once, they came forward and said: "We two are here. How should there be no people?" So that land was named Aso.
On the fourth day of the seventh month he reached Mike in the land of Tsukushi no Michi no Shiri and lived in the temporary palace of Takata. There was a fallen tree, 970 rods long. The many officials went back and forth across that tree. The people of the time sang:
Under morning frost,
the little bridge of Mike —
the ministers cross over it,
the little bridge of Mike.
The emperor asked what tree it was, and an old man said: "This tree is a kunugi. Before it fell, when it caught the morning sunlight it hid Mount Kishima, and when it caught the evening sunlight it covered Mount Aso." The emperor said: "This tree is a tree of the gods. This land should therefore be called the land of Mike, the sacred tree."
On the seventh day he came to the district of Yame. Crossing Mount Fuji, he looked south toward Cape Awa and said: "The peaks of that range lie fold upon fold, and are very fair. Perhaps a god dwells in that mountain." Saruōmi, headman of the district of Mizuma, said: "There is a goddess called Yametsuhime, and she is always in that mountain." The name of the land of Yame arose from this.
In the eighth month he came to the village of Ikuha and took food there. On that day the stewards forgot the drinking cups. So the people of the time named the place where the cups were forgotten Ukuha. What is now called Ikuha is a corruption of it. In old times the people of Tsukushi called a drinking cup ukuha.
On the twentieth day of the ninth month of the nineteenth year the emperor returned from Hyūga to the capital.
On the fourth day of the second month of the twentieth year Princess Iono was sent to make offerings to Amaterasu.
日本書紀は「やまとは国のまほろば」から「愛しきよし我家の方ゆ」までの三首を、日向の丹裳小野で景行天皇が詠んだ思国歌とするが、古事記は同じ歌群を能煩野で死に臨む倭建命の歌として置く。この帰属の違いは記紀の日本武尊像の差を端的に示す箇所であり、もとは国讃めの歌謡であったものが両書で別の文脈に配されたとみる説が有力だが、いずれが先行するかは決着していない。熊襲を球磨（球磨川流域）と贈於（大隅の曽於）の二地域の複合とみる説は近世以来くりかえされてきたが、熊襲を単一の集団とみるか、南九州の在地勢力に対する王権側の総称とみるかで見解は分かれている。
武内宿禰の東国視察と日高見国の蝦夷
Takeuchi no Sukune's Survey of the East and the Emishi of Hitakami
二十五年秋七月三日、武内宿禰を遣わして、北陸および東方の諸国の地形と、百姓の暮らしの様子とを視させた。
二十七年春二月十二日、武内宿禰が東国から還って奏した。「東の夷の中に日高見国があります。その国の人は、男も女も髪を椎のように結い、身に文をつけております。人となりは勇み悍く、これを総べて蝦夷といいます。またその土地は肥え広く、撃って取るべきです。」
秋八月、熊襲がまた叛いて、辺境を侵すことがやまなかった。
On the third day of the seventh month of the twenty-fifth year, Takeuchi no Sukune was sent to look at the lie of the land in the provinces of the north road and of the east, and at how the people lived.
On the twelfth day of the second month of the twenty-seventh year, Takeuchi no Sukune came back from the eastern provinces and reported: "Among the eastern barbarians there is a land called Hitakami. The people of that land, men and women alike, tie their hair in the shape of a mallet and mark their bodies. They are bold and fierce in nature, and they are all called Emishi. Their land is rich and wide, and should be taken by force."
In the eighth month the Kumaso revolted again and did not cease from raiding the border districts.
古事記は建内宿禰の東国視察と日高見国の記事を伝えず、蝦夷という語も景行天皇の段には現れない。日本書紀のこの条は、椎結・文身・勇悍という三点で東方の人びとを類型的に描き、以後の巻でも同じ語句が繰り返される。蝦夷の実体については、北海道アイヌの直接の祖先とみる説、東北の続縄文・擦文文化の担い手を含む複数集団とみる説、さらに実体よりも律令国家が自らの版図の外側を示すために用いた他者表象の側面を重くみる説があり、いずれも決着していない。日高見国の所在も北上川流域とする説と、より広く常陸以北を指すとする説とに分かれる。日本武尊の誕生と兄弟のことは節108に、その妻子の系譜は日本書紀が薨去記事の後に置くのに従って節117に収めた。
日本武尊、川上梟帥を討ち名を得る
Yamatotakeru Kills the Brave of Kawakami and Receives His Name
二十七年冬十月十三日、日本武尊を遣わして熊襲を撃たせた。このとき年16であった。
日本武尊が言った。「私は弓の上手な者を得て共に行きたい。どこかに弓の上手な者はいないか。」ある者が申した。「美濃国に弓の上手な者がおります。弟彦公といいます。」そこで葛城の人 宮戸彦を遣わして召した。弟彦公は石占横立と、尾張の田子稲置・乳近稲置とを率いて来て従った。
十二月、熊襲国に着いて、その様子と地形の険しさを伺った。このとき熊襲に取石鹿文という者がいた。またの名を川上梟帥という。ことごとく親族を集めて宴をしようとしていた。日本武尊は髪を解いて童女の姿となり、密かに川上梟帥の宴の時を待った。剣を衣の中に佩き、川上梟帥の室に入って、女たちの中に交じって座った。川上梟帥はその童女の容姿を愛で、手を取って席を同じくし、盞を挙げて飲ませ、戯れ遊んだ。
夜が更けて人が少なくなり、川上梟帥も酔った。日本武尊は衣の中の剣を抜いて川上梟帥の胸を刺した。まだ死なないうちに、川上梟帥は頭を垂れて「暫く待ってください。申し上げたいことがあります」と言った。日本武尊は剣をとどめて待った。川上梟帥が言った。「あなたはどなたですか。」答えて「私は大足彦天皇の子である。名は日本童男という」と言った。川上梟帥がまた申した。「私はこの国の中で力の強い者です。今の世に、私に勝つ者はありませんでした。しかし大君の武は人に勝れています。どうか私の名を奉らせてください。」許すと、申した。「今より後、大君を称えて日本武皇子と申し上げるべきです。」言い終わると、胸を貫いて殺した。それで今に至るまで、称えて日本武尊という。
その後、弟彦らを遣わして、その党類をことごとく斬らせ、残す者がなかった。
On the thirteenth day of the tenth month of the twenty-seventh year, Yamatotakeru no Mikoto was sent to strike the Kumaso. He was then 16 years old.
Yamatotakeru said: "I want a good archer to go with me. Is there a good archer anywhere?" Someone said: "There is a good archer in the province of Mino. He is called Otohikogimi." So Miyatohiko, a man of Katsuragi, was sent to summon him. Otohikogimi came, bringing with him Ishiura no Yokotachi, Tago no Inaki of Owari, and Chichika no Inaki.
In the twelfth month he reached the land of the Kumaso and observed their condition and the difficulty of the ground. There was a man of the Kumaso called Toroshikaya, also called the Brave of Kawakami. He had gathered all his kinsfolk to hold a feast. Yamatotakeru let down his hair and took the appearance of a girl, and waited in secret for the hour of the Brave of Kawakami's feast. He wore a sword inside his clothing, entered the hall of the Brave of Kawakami, and sat among the women. The Brave of Kawakami was taken with the girl's looks, took her by the hand and seated her beside him, raised the cup and made her drink, and made sport with her.
The night wore on and the company thinned, and the Brave of Kawakami was drunk. Yamatotakeru drew the sword from inside his clothing and stabbed him in the breast. Before he was dead the Brave of Kawakami bowed his head and said: "Wait a moment. There is something I wish to say." Yamatotakeru held back the sword and waited. The Brave of Kawakami said: "Who are you?" He answered: "I am a son of Emperor Ōtarashihiko. My name is Yamato Oguna." The Brave of Kawakami said further: "I am the strongest man in this land. In this age no one has overcome me. But your valour, my lord, is greater than other men's. Let me give you my name." He was allowed to speak, and said: "From now on you should be praised with the name Prince Yamatotakeru." When he had finished speaking, Yamatotakeru ran him through the breast and killed him. To this day he is called by that name, Yamatotakeru no Mikoto.
Afterwards Otohiko and the others were sent out, and they cut down all that band, leaving none.
古事記も小碓命が童女の姿で熊曾建の兄弟の新室の宴に入り、剣で刺して倭建の名を贈られる話を伝えるが、古事記では熊曾建は兄弟二人で、弟が名を献じ、しかも小碓命はこの遠征の前に兄の大碓命を殺しており、天皇が我が子を恐れて遠ざけたという文脈に置かれる。日本書紀は兄殺しを語らず、天皇の命を受けた将としての面を前に出す。日本書紀は相手を取石鹿文（川上梟帥）と一人の名で呼び、名を献じられる場面を臨終の対話として書く。
帰路の吉備と難波の神、西州平定の復命
The Gods of Kibi and Naniwa on the Return, and the Report of the Western Pacification
その後、海路を取って倭に還った。吉備に着いて穴海を渡った。その処に悪しき神がいた。すなわち殺した。また難波に着いて、柏済の悪しき神を殺した。
二十八年春二月一日、日本武尊が熊襲を平げた次第を奏して申した。「私は天皇の神霊に頼り、兵を一たび挙げて、たちまち熊襲の魁帥を誅し、ことごとくその国を平げました。これによって西の州はすでに静まり、百姓に事はありません。ただ吉備の穴渡の神と難波の柏済の神とが、みな害う心を持ち、毒気を放って道行く人を苦しめ、諸の禍の府となっておりました。それでその悪しき神をみな殺して、水陸の径を開きました。」
天皇は日本武尊の功を誉め、殊にこれを愛でた。
Afterwards he returned to Yamato by sea. Coming to Kibi, he crossed the inland sea there. An evil god was in that place, and he killed it. Coming to Naniwa, he killed the evil god of the Kashiwa ferry.
On the first day of the second month of the twenty-eighth year, Yamatotakeru reported how he had subdued the Kumaso, saying: "Trusting in the spirit of the emperor, I raised troops once and at once put to death the chief of the Kumaso braves, and brought that whole land to peace. By this the western provinces are quiet and the people are without trouble. Only the god of the strait at Kibi and the god of the Kashiwa ferry at Naniwa both had harmful hearts. They sent out a poisonous breath and afflicted those who passed along the road, and were a source of many disasters. So I killed those evil gods and opened the ways by water and by land."
The emperor praised the merit of Yamatotakeru and held him in special affection.
日本書紀の巻第七には出雲建を欺いて討つ話がなく、日本武尊の帰路はここに記す吉備の穴海と難波の柏済の神の記事だけである。古事記は熊曾建を討った倭建命が帰途に出雲へ入り、出雲建と友を結んだうえで、あらかじめ赤檮の木で作った偽の太刀と佩き替えさせて斬り、「やつめさす出雲建が佩ける太刀 黒葛多巻き さ身なしにあはれ」と歌ったと伝える。日本書紀は同じ型の欺きによる殺害を崇神天皇六十年の出雲振根と飯入根の一件として崇神紀に置いており、両書で誰の事績とするかが異なる。
東征の命と斧鉞、伊勢の倭姫命
The Charge to Subdue the East, the Battle-axe, and Yamatohime at Ise
四十年夏六月、東の夷がしばしば叛いて、辺境が騒がしかった。
秋七月十六日、天皇は群卿に詔した。「今、東国が安らかでない。暴れる神が多く起こり、また蝦夷がことごとく叛いて、しばしば人民を掠め奪っている。誰を遣わしてその乱を平げようか。」群臣は誰を遣わすべきか分からなかった。日本武尊が申した。「私は先に西を征ちました。この度の役は大碓皇子の任です。」大碓皇子は愕然として草の中に逃げ隠れた。使者を遣わして召し出した。天皇は責めて「お前が望まないのなら、どうして強いて遣わそうか。まだ賊に向かわないうちから、どうしてこう甚だしく懼れるのか」と言い、ついに美濃に封じた。これが身毛津君・守君の二族の始祖である。
日本武尊は雄々しく申した。「熊襲を平げてから幾年も経ちません。今また東の夷が叛きました。いつになったら太平の世になるのでしょう。私は労を厭いませんが、賊を平げに参ります。」
天皇は斧鉞を取って日本武尊に授けて詔した。「聞くところでは、その東の夷は識性が暴く強く、凌ぎ犯すことを旨としている。村に長がなく、邑に首がなく、それぞれ境を貪って互いに盗みあう。また山に邪しき神があり、郊に姦しい鬼がいて、道を遮り径を塞ぎ、多く人を苦しめている。その東の夷の中で蝦夷はもっとも強い。男女が入り交じって住み、父と子の別がない。冬は穴に宿り、夏は樔に住む。毛皮を着て血を飲み、兄弟は互いに疑う。山に登るのは飛ぶ鳥のようであり、草を行くのは走る獣のようである。恩を受けても忘れ、怨みを見れば必ず報いる。それで箭を髻に隠し、刀を衣の中に佩く。あるいは仲間を集めて辺境を犯し、あるいは農桑の時を伺って人民を掠め奪う。撃てば草に隠れ、追えば山に入る。それで往古より今に至るまで、王化に染まったことがない。今、朕がお前の人となりを見るに、身体は長く大きく、容姿は端正で、力は鼎を挙げ、猛きことは雷電のようだ。向かうところ敵がなく、攻めるところ必ず勝つ。まことに知る、形は我が子であるが、実は神人であることを。これは天が朕の不叡と国の不治とを憐れんで、天業を継がせ、宗廟を絶やさぬようにしたものだ。またこの天下はお前の天下である。この位はお前の位である。どうか深く謀り遠く慮り、姦を探り悪を伺い、威を示して従わせ、徳を振るって和らげよ。兵を労さずして、おのずから賊を服させよ。言葉をよく用いて暴れる神を調え、武を振るって姦しい鬼を攘え。」
日本武尊は斧鉞を受けて再拝し申した。「先に西を征ったとき、皇威に頼って三尺の剣を提げ、熊襲国を撃ちましたが、いくばくもなく賊の首は罪に伏しました。今また神祇の霊に頼り、天皇の威を借りて、東に往って徳化を示し、もし従わなければ兵を挙げて撃ちます。」重ねて再拝した。
天皇は吉備武彦と大伴武日連とに命じて日本武尊に従わせた。また七掬脛を膳夫とした。
冬十月二日、日本武尊は出発した。七日、道をめぐって伊勢神宮を拝んだ。倭姫命に暇乞いして申した。「今、天皇の命を受けて東に往き、諸の叛く者を誅そうとします。それでお別れします。」倭姫命は草薙剣を取って日本武尊に授け「慎みなさい。怠ってはなりません」と言った。
In the sixth month of the fortieth year the eastern barbarians revolted again and again, and the border districts were unquiet.
On the sixteenth day of the seventh month the emperor said to his ministers: "The eastern provinces are not at peace. Violent gods rise up in numbers, and the Emishi have all revolted and repeatedly carry off the people. Whom shall we send to put down this disorder?" The ministers did not know whom to send. Yamatotakeru said: "I went out against the west before. This service belongs to Prince Ōusu." Prince Ōusu was struck with fear and ran off to hide among the grass. A messenger was sent and he was brought out. The emperor reproached him: "If you do not wish it, why should we force you to go? You have not yet faced the enemy, and already you are afraid to this degree." In the end he gave him lands in Mino. He is the first ancestor of the two families of Mugetsu no Kimi and Mori no Kimi.
Yamatotakeru spoke boldly: "Not many years have passed since the Kumaso were subdued. Now the eastern barbarians have revolted again. When will there be an age of peace? I do not shrink from the labour. I will go and put down the enemy."
The emperor took a battle-axe and gave it to Yamatotakeru, saying: "I hear that these eastern barbarians are violent and strong by nature, and make it their business to overbear and to trespass. Their villages have no elders and their settlements no heads; each covets his own borders and they rob one another. There are also wicked gods in the mountains and mischievous spirits on the moors, who block the roads and shut the paths, and afflict many. Among these eastern barbarians the Emishi are the strongest. Men and women live mixed together, and there is no distinction of father and child. In winter they lodge in holes and in summer they live in nests. They wear furs and drink blood, and brothers suspect one another. Going up a mountain they are like flying birds; going through the grass they are like running beasts. They forget a kindness received, but an injury they always repay. So they hide arrows in their hair and wear swords inside their clothing. Some gather their fellows and raid the borders; others watch for the season of farming and silk-work and carry off the people. If they are struck they hide in the grass; if they are pursued they go into the mountains. So from ancient times until now they have never been brought under the rule of the sovereign. Now, looking at what you are, your body is tall and large, your form is well made, your strength lifts a cauldron, and your fierceness is like thunder and lightning. Where you face there is no enemy; where you attack you always win. I know well that though in form you are my child, in truth you are a divine man. This is because heaven has pitied me for my want of wisdom and the land for its want of order, and has given you to carry on the work of heaven and to keep the ancestral shrines from ending. Moreover, this realm is your realm; this throne is your throne. Plan deeply and look far, search out the treacherous and observe the evil, show your power so that they follow, use your virtue so that they are made peaceful. Without wearying the troops, bring the enemy to submit of themselves. Use words well to quiet the violent gods, and use arms to drive off the mischievous spirits."
Yamatotakeru received the battle-axe, bowed twice, and said: "When I went out against the west before, I trusted in the imperial power, carried a three-foot sword and struck the land of the Kumaso, and in no long time the heads of the brigands answered for their crimes. Now again I will trust in the spirits of heaven and earth and borrow the emperor's power. I will go east and show them the transforming force of virtue, and if they do not follow, I will raise troops and strike them." He bowed twice again.
The emperor ordered Kibi no Takehiko and Ōtomo no Takehi no Muraji to go with Yamatotakeru, and made Nanatsukahagi his steward.
On the second day of the tenth month Yamatotakeru set out. On the seventh day he turned aside and worshipped at the shrine of Ise. He took leave of Yamatohime no Mikoto, saying: "I have now received the emperor's command and am going east to put to death all who rebel. So I take my leave." Yamatohime no Mikoto took the sword Kusanagi and gave it to him, saying: "Be careful, and do not be slack."
古事記も倭建命が伊勢大御神宮に参り、伊勢の斎宮 倭比売命から草那芸剣と火打の入った袋を授かる話を伝えるが、古事記では倭建命が「天皇は我を死ねと思ほすか」と泣き訴え、倭比売がなだめる場面を伴い、東征は父に疎まれた者の旅として語られる。日本書紀は斧鉞を授ける詔と将の再拝という漢籍の出師の型を用い、天皇の命を奉じる将としての面を前に出す。倭姫命は本データベースの図表に立項がないため、登場人物欄には含めていない。天皇の詔に見える蝦夷の描写は、穴居・夏巣・毛皮・飲血といった中国の史書の四夷叙述と同型の句を連ねたもので、実地の観察の記録とみるか、他者を型どおりに描く記述とみるかで評価が分かれている。
駿河の火攻めと草薙剣、走水に入る弟橘媛
The Fire on the Moor in Suruga, the Sword Kusanagi, and Ototachibanahime at Hashirimizu
この年、日本武尊はまず駿河に着いた。その処の賊は偽って従い、欺いて言った。「この野には大鹿が多くいます。気を吐くこと朝霧のごとく、足は茂った林のようです。行って狩りをなさい。」日本武尊はその言を信じ、野の中に入って獣を求めた。賊は王を殺そうという心があり——王とは日本武尊をいう——火を放ってその野を焼いた。王は欺かれたと知り、燧を取って火を出し、向え火をつけて免れた。〈一に云う、王の佩いた叢雲剣がおのずから抜けて、王の傍らの草を薙ぎ払った。これによって免れることができた。それでその剣を名づけて草薙という。〉王は「危うく欺かれるところであった」と言い、その賊の衆をことごとく焼き滅ぼした。それでその処を名づけて焼津という。
進んで相模に着き、上総に渡ろうとした。海を望んで大言して「これは小さな海だ。走り越えることもできよう」と言った。海の中ほどに至ると、たちまち暴風が起こり、王の船は漂って渡ることができなかった。
このとき王に従う妾があり、弟橘媛といった。穂積氏の忍山宿禰の女である。王に申した。「今、風が起こり浪が急で、王の船が沈もうとしています。これは必ず海神の心によるものです。どうか賤しい私の身をもって王の命に贖わせてください。海に入ります。」言い終わると、浪を排して海に入った。暴風はすぐに止み、船は岸に着くことができた。それで時の人はその海を名づけて走水という。
In that year Yamatotakeru came first to Suruga. The brigands there pretended to submit, and deceived him, saying: "There are many great deer on this moor. Their breath comes out like the morning mist and their legs are like a thick wood. Go and hunt them." Yamatotakeru believed what they said and went into the moor to look for game. The brigands meant to kill the prince — the prince here is Yamatotakeru — and they set fire to the moor and burned it. The prince knew that he had been deceived, took a fire-drill and struck fire, kindled a counter-fire, and escaped. (One record says: the sword Murakumo that the prince wore drew itself and mowed down the grass beside him, and by this he escaped. For that reason the sword was named Kusanagi, the grass-mower.) The prince said: "I was nearly deceived." He burned that whole band of brigands and destroyed them. So the place was named Yakizu, the burnt harbour.
He went on to Sagami and meant to cross over to Kazusa. Looking out over the sea he said in a large way: "This is a little sea. One could even jump across it." When he reached the middle of the sea a violent wind suddenly rose, and the prince's ship was driven about and could not cross.
There was a consort in the prince's train named Ototachibanahime, a daughter of Oshiyama no Sukune of the Hozumi family. She said to the prince: "Now the wind has risen and the waves run high, and the prince's ship is about to sink. This must surely be the will of the god of the sea. Let the body of your low handmaid be given in exchange for the prince's life. I will go into the sea." When she had spoken she pushed the waves apart and went into the sea. The violent wind stopped at once, and the ship was able to reach the shore. So the people of the time named that sea Hashirimizu, the running water.
古事記は火攻めの地を相武国とし、倭建命が倭比売命から授かった袋の火打で向え火を打ったとして、剣がおのずから草を薙いだとは語らず、剣の名の由来も別に説く。日本書紀は火攻めを駿河に置き、剣が自ら草を薙いだとする説を「一に云う」として本文の傍らに並べる。入水についても、古事記は弟橘比売命が菅畳・皮畳・絹畳を波の上に敷いてその上に下り、「さねさし相武の小野に燃ゆる火の火中に立ちて問ひし君はも」と歌ったと伝えるが、日本書紀は歌を載せず、海神への贖いとして海に入ったとだけ書く。弟橘媛は本データベースの図表に立項がないため、登場人物欄には含めていない。
蝦夷の服属と酒折宮の片歌、碓日坂の吾嬬
The Submission of the Emishi, the Half-song at Sakaori, and Azuma at Usui Pass
日本武尊は上総から転じて陸奥国に入った。大きな鏡を王の船に懸け、海路から葦浦を廻り、玉浦を横切って蝦夷の境に着いた。蝦夷の賊の首、嶋津神・国津神らが竹水門に屯して防ごうとした。しかし遥かに王の船を望んで、あらかじめその威勢に怖れ、心の中で勝てないと知り、ことごとく弓矢を投げ捨て、望み拝んで申した。「仰いで君の容を見ますと、人に勝れておいでです。もしや神でいらっしゃいますか。お名を承りたい。」王が答えて「私は現人神の子である」と言った。ここに蝦夷らはみな畏まり、すぐに裳の裾をかかげ、浪を分けて自ら王の船を扶け、岸に着けた。そして自ら手を後ろに縛って服した。それでその罪を赦した。その首帥を捕えて従者とした。
蝦夷がすでに平いだので、日高見国から還って、西南のかた常陸を歴て、甲斐国に着き、酒折宮に住んだ。灯火を挙げて食事をした。この夜、歌をもって侍者に問うた。
新治
筑波を過ぎて
幾夜か寝つる
侍者たちは答えることができなかった。時に火を秉る者があり、王の歌に続けて歌った。
かがなべて
夜には九夜
日には十日を
そこで王はその秉燭者の聡さを誉め、厚く賞を賜った。
この宮にいたとき、靫部を大伴連の遠祖 武日に賜った。
ここで日本武尊が言った。「蝦夷の凶しい首はことごとく罪に伏した。ただ信濃国と越国だけが、やや王化に従わない。」そして甲斐から北のかた武蔵・上野を巡り、西のかた碓日坂に着いた。
日本武尊は常に弟橘媛を顧み偲ぶ心があった。それで碓日の嶺に登り、東南を望んで三たび嘆いて「吾嬬はや」と言った。それで山の東の諸国を号けて吾嬬国という。
Yamatotakeru turned from Kazusa and entered the province of Michinoku. A large mirror was hung on the prince's ship, and going by sea he rounded Ashiura, crossed Tamaura, and came to the border of the Emishi. The chiefs of the Emishi, Shimatsukami and Kunitsukami and the rest, gathered at the harbour of Take to resist him. But when they saw the prince's ship far off, they were afraid beforehand of its power, and knew in their hearts that they could not win. They threw away all their bows and arrows, looked toward him and made obeisance, and said: "Looking up at your form, we see that you are above other men. Are you perhaps a god? We would hear your name." The prince answered: "I am the child of a god in the form of a living man." Then the Emishi were all filled with awe. They gathered up the skirts of their garments, parted the waves, and themselves helped the prince's ship to shore. Then they bound their own hands behind them and submitted. So their offence was pardoned, and their chiefs were taken and made his attendants.
The Emishi being subdued, he returned from the land of Hitakami, passed south-west through Hitachi, came to the province of Kai, and stayed at the palace of Sakaori. A light was raised and he took his meal. That night he put a question to his attendants in the form of a song:
Since I passed Niibari
and Tsukuba,
how many nights have I slept?
None of the attendants could answer. Then there was a man tending the fire, and he took up the prince's song and sang:
Counting the days,
of nights there are nine nights,
of days there are ten days.
The prince praised the quickness of the fire-tender and rewarded him richly.
While he was at that palace he granted the Yukibe to Takehi, distant ancestor of the Ōtomo no Muraji.
Then Yamatotakeru said: "The evil chiefs of the Emishi have all answered for their crimes. Only the provinces of Shinano and Koshi are still somewhat outside the rule of the sovereign." So from Kai he went north through Musashi and Kōzuke, and westward to the pass of Usui.
Yamatotakeru always kept Ototachibanahime in mind and longed for her. So he climbed the ridge of Usui, looked out to the south-east, sighed three times, and said: "My wife, alas." For this reason the provinces east of the mountains were named Azuma, my wife.
古事記は蝦夷の服属を語らず、東方の平定を「荒ぶる蝦夷等を言向け、また山河の荒ぶる神等を平和して」と一句で述べるにとどめ、酒折宮の片歌の問答と靫部の賜与、碓日坂での「吾妻はや」は日本書紀とほぼ同じ形で伝える。ただし古事記は嘆きの場を足柄の坂本とし、日本書紀は碓日の嶺とする点が異なる。日本書紀は蝦夷の首長を嶋津神・国津神と神の名で呼び、彼らが日本武尊を神かと問い、みずから縛って服したと書くが、これは服属の場面を型として描く記述であり、東北北部の考古学的な様相から具体的な集団を特定する手立てはない。蝦夷をアイヌの直接の祖先とみる説、複数の在地集団の総称とみる説、律令国家の他者表象の産物とする側面を重くみる説が並存している。
信濃の白鹿と胆吹山の神、能褒野の死と白鳥
The White Deer of Shinano, the God of Mount Ibuki, Death at Nobono, and the White Bird
ここで道を分け、吉備武彦を越国に遣わして、その地形の険しさと人民の従うか否かとを視させた。日本武尊は信濃に進んだ。この国は山が高く谷が幽く、青い嶺が幾重にも重なり、人は杖をついても登り難い。岩は嶮しく坂は長く、高い嶺は3,000あり、馬は轡を止めて進めない。しかし日本武尊は煙を披き霧を凌いで、遥かに大きな山を越えた。嶺に至って飢えたので、山の中で食事をした。山の神は王を苦しめようとして、白い鹿となって王の前に立った。王は怪しんで、一つの蒜をもって白鹿を弾いた。目に当たって殺した。ここで王はたちまち道を失い、出る所が分からなくなった。時に白い犬がおのずから来て、王を導く様子があった。犬に随って行き、美濃に出ることができた。吉備武彦は越から出て来て会った。
これより先、信濃坂を越える者は多く神の気に当たって病み臥した。しかし白鹿を殺してから後は、この山を越える者は蒜を噛んで人と牛馬とに塗った。そうすると自然に神の気に当たらなくなった。
日本武尊は尾張に還り、尾張氏の女 宮簀媛を娶って、留まること月を経た。近江の五十葺山に暴れる神がいると聞き、剣を解いて宮簀媛の家に置き、徒歩で行った。胆吹山に着くと、山の神は大蛇に化して道をふさいだ。日本武尊は主神が蛇に化したのを知らず「この大蛇はきっと暴れる神の使いであろう。すでに主神を殺せるのだから、その使いを求めるまでもない」と言い、蛇を跨いで行った。山の神は雲を興し氷を降らせた。峰は霧に閉ざされ谷は暗く、行くべき道がなかった。しかし進んで、行く所も分からぬまま強いて行き、霧を披いてわずかに出ることができた。なお心を失って酔った者のようであった。山の下の泉のほとりに居て水を飲み、正気に返った。それでその泉を名づけて居醒泉という。
日本武尊はこのとき初めて病んだ。しかし力を励まして尾張に還った。宮簀媛の家には入らず、伊勢に移って尾津に着いた。これより先、日本武尊が東に向かった年、尾津の浜で食事をしたとき、一つの剣を解いて松の下に置き、忘れて去った。今、至って見ると、その剣がなお残っていた。それで歌った。
尾張に
直に向かえる
尾津の崎なる
一つ松
あせを
一つ松
人にありせば
衣着せましを
太刀佩けましを
能褒野に着いて、病がひどく重くなった。捕えた蝦夷らを神宮に献った。吉備武彦を遣わして天皇に奏させた。「私は命を天朝に受け、遠く東の夷を征ちました。神の恵みを蒙り皇威に頼って、叛く者は罪に伏し、暴れる神もおのずから調いました。それで甲を巻き戈を収め、心安らかに還ろうとしました。しかし天の命がにわかに至り、余命はいくばくもありません。ひとり曠野に臥して、語る者もありません。しかしこの身が亡びることを、何を惜しみましょう。ただ朝廷に見えられないことを恨むばかりです。」言い終わって能褒野に薨じた。時に年30であった。
天皇はこれを聞いて、寝ても安らかでなく、食べても味がなかった。昼も夜も咽び泣いて胸を撫で、悲しみ嘆いて言った。「我が子小碓王、昔、熊襲が叛いたときは、まだ総角にも及ばなかったのに、久しく征討に労した。常に側にあって助けとしていたのに、東の夷が騒いだとき、遣わすべき人がなく、愛しみながら賊の境に入れてしまった。一日として思わぬ日はなかった。朝に夕に還る日を待っていたのに、何の禍か、何の罪か、思いがけず愛しい子を失ってしまった。」そして群卿に命じ、百寮に伊勢国の能褒野陵に葬らせた。
日本武尊は白鳥と化して陵から出、倭国を指して飛んだ。群臣が棺を開いて見ると、明衣だけが空しく残り、屍骨がなかった。使者を遣わして白鳥を追い求めさせた。白鳥は倭の琴弾原に停まった。それでその処に陵を造った。白鳥はまた飛んで河内に至り、旧市邑に留まった。またその処に陵を造った。時の人はこの三つの陵を名づけて白鳥陵という。しかし白鳥はついに高く翔けて天に上った。ただ衣冠を葬った。その功名を録そうとして、すぐに武部を定めた。この年は天皇の即位43年である。
はじめ、日本武尊は両道入姫皇女を娶って稲依別王を生んだ。次に足仲彦天皇、次に布忍入姫命、次に稚武王である。また吉備武彦の女 吉備穴戸武媛を娶って、武卵王と十城別王とを生んだ。また弟橘媛を娶って稚武彦王を生んだ。
Here he divided the road, and sent Kibi no Takehiko to the land of Koshi to look at the difficulty of the ground and whether the people were obedient. Yamatotakeru went on into Shinano. In that province the mountains are high and the valleys deep; green peaks lie fold upon fold, and even with a staff a man can hardly climb them. The rocks are steep and the slopes long; there are 3,000 high peaks, and horses cannot go on but stand still with the bit. Yet Yamatotakeru pushed through the smoke and the mist and crossed the great mountain. When he came to the ridge he was hungry, and took food in the mountain. The god of the mountain, meaning to trouble the prince, took the shape of a white deer and stood before him. The prince thought this strange, and flicked a clove of garlic at the white deer. It struck it in the eye and killed it. Then the prince suddenly lost his way and did not know where to come out. A white dog came of itself and made as if to guide him. He followed the dog and was able to come out into Mino. Kibi no Takehiko came out from Koshi and met him there.
Before this, many who crossed the Shinano pass had met the breath of the god and fallen ill. But after the white deer was killed, those who crossed the mountain chewed garlic and smeared it on themselves and on their oxen and horses, and then they were not touched by the breath of the god.
Yamatotakeru returned to Owari, took to wife Miyazuhime of the Owari family, and stayed there more than a month. Hearing that there was a violent god on Mount Ibuki in Ōmi, he took off his sword, left it at Miyazuhime's house, and went on foot. When he reached Mount Ibuki, the god of the mountain took the shape of a great serpent and blocked the road. Yamatotakeru did not know that the chief god had taken the serpent's shape, and said: "This great serpent must be the messenger of the violent god. Since I can kill the chief god, there is no need to look for his messenger." So he stepped over the serpent and went on. The god of the mountain raised clouds and made an icy rain fall. The peaks were lost in mist and the valleys dark, and there was no road to go by. Still he pressed on, not knowing where he went, and forcing his way through the mist he barely came out. He was still out of his senses, like a drunken man. He sat by a spring at the foot of the mountain and drank the water, and came to himself again. So that spring was named Isame, the spring of waking.
It was then that Yamatotakeru first fell ill. Yet he forced his strength and returned to Owari. He did not go into Miyazuhime's house, but moved on to Ise and came to Otsu. Before this, in the year he went east, he had eaten on the beach at Otsu, taken off one of his swords, laid it under a pine, and gone away forgetting it. Coming now, he found the sword still there. So he sang:
Facing straight
toward Owari,
on the cape of Otsu,
a single pine —
my brother!
Single pine,
if you were a man,
I would put clothes on you,
I would gird you with a sword.
He reached the moor of Nobono, and his sickness grew very heavy. He offered the Emishi he had taken captive to the shrine of the gods, and sent Kibi no Takehiko to report to the emperor: "I received my orders from the court and went far to subdue the eastern barbarians. Favoured by the gods and trusting in the imperial power, those who rebelled answered for their crimes and the violent gods were quieted of themselves. So I rolled up my armour and put away my weapons and was returning with an easy heart. But the command of heaven has come suddenly, and little life is left me. I lie alone on the waste moor, with no one to speak to me. Yet why should I regret that this body perishes? I only grieve that I cannot appear before the court." When he had finished speaking he died on the moor of Nobono. He was 30 years old.
When the emperor heard it, he could not sleep in peace, and food had no taste for him. Day and night he sobbed and beat his breast, and lamented, saying: "My son Prince Ousu — in the old days when the Kumaso rebelled he had not yet come to the age of the boy's knot, and yet he laboured long at the campaign. He was always at my side and was my help. When the eastern barbarians rose in disorder there was no one else to send, and though I loved him I sent him into the enemy's country. There was not a day that I did not think of him. Morning and evening I waited for the day of his return. What calamity, what fault is this? Without expecting it I have lost my dear child." Then he ordered the ministers, and the officials buried him in the tomb at Nobono in the province of Ise.
Yamatotakeru took the shape of a white bird, came out of the tomb, and flew toward the land of Yamato. The ministers opened the coffin and looked, and only his empty grave-clothes remained; there was no body. Messengers were sent to follow the white bird. It stopped at the plain of Kotohiki in Yamato, and a tomb was built there. The white bird flew on again to Kawachi and stayed at the village of Furuichi, and another tomb was built there. The people of that time named these three tombs the tombs of the white bird. But the bird at last rose high and flew up to heaven, and only his clothes and cap were buried. In order to keep the record of his name and deeds, the Takerube was established at once. This year was the forty-third of the emperor's reign.
At first Yamatotakeru had taken to wife Princess Futajiirihime, and she bore Prince Ineyoriwake, then Emperor Tarashinakatsuhiko, then Nunooshiirihime no Mikoto, then Prince Waketake. He also took to wife Kibi no Anato no Takehime, a daughter of Kibi no Takehiko, and she bore Prince Takakaiko and Prince Tokiwake. He also took to wife Ototachibanahime, and she bore Prince Wakatakehiko.
古事記も伊服岐能山の神を白い猪の姿とし、倭建命が「これは神の使者だ、帰るときに殺そう」と言挙げして氷雨に打たれ、居寤清泉で少し正気を得たと伝えるが、古事記は神を猪、日本書紀は大蛇とする。また古事記は能煩野で「倭は国のまほろば」以下の四首を倭建命の国偲び歌・片歌として詠ませ、崩後には后たちと御子たちが陵に匍匐って四首を歌い、白智鳥が伊勢から河内の志幾に飛んで白鳥御陵となったとするが、日本書紀は白鳥の飛来を伊勢の能褒野・倭の琴弾原・河内の旧市邑の三か所とし、これらの歌謡を載せず、「倭は国のまほろば」の歌群は節110の景行天皇の思国歌として別の場に置く。古事記が倭建命を父に疎まれて死ぬ悲劇の人物として造形するのに対し、日本書紀は天皇の嘆きの詞を長く記して、命を奉じた将を失った君臣の関係として描く。日本武尊の陵として治定されている能褒野墓（三重県亀山市）・白鳥陵（奈良県御所市、大阪府羽曳野市）は近代の陵墓治定によるもので、被葬者を示す出土資料はない。
晩年の巡幸と高穴穂宮、崩御と山辺道上陵
The Late Progresses, the Palace of Takaanaho, and the Tomb on the Upper Road of Yamanobe
五十一年春正月七日、群卿を召して数日にわたって宴をした。このとき皇子稚足彦尊と武内宿禰とは宴の庭に入らず、門の下に侍って非常に備えた。天皇は召して詔した。「朕は群卿と楽しんでいる。お前たち二人だけが来ないのは、どうしてか。」答えて申した。「宴の日には、群卿や百寮はみな遊びに心が向いて、国家を思う心がありません。もし狂った者があって垣の隙を伺えば、禍は測れません。それで門の下にあって非常に備えているのです。」天皇は「妙なことだ」と言って、殊にこれを愛でた。
秋八月四日、稚足彦尊を立てて皇太子とした。この日、武内宿禰に命じて棟梁の臣とした。
はじめ、日本武尊が佩いた草薙剣は、今、尾張国の年魚市郡の熱田社にある。
五十二年夏五月四日、皇后 播磨大郎姫が薨じた。秋七月七日、八坂入媛命を立てて皇后とした。
五十三年秋八月一日、天皇は群卿に詔した。「朕は愛しい子を顧み偲ぶ心がやまない。日本武尊が平げた国を巡り見たい。」この月、伊勢に行幸し、転じて東海に入った。冬十月、上総国に着き、海路から淡水門に渡った。このとき覚賀鳥の声が聞こえた。その鳥の形を見ようとして海の中に出て、白蛤を得た。ここで膳臣の遠祖 磐鹿六獦が蒲を手繦にして白蛤を膾に作り、奉った。それで六獦の功を誉め、膳大伴部を賜った。十二月、東国から還って伊勢に住んだ。これを綺宮という。
五十四年秋九月十九日、伊勢から倭に還り、纒向宮に住んだ。
五十五年春二月五日、彦狭嶋王を東山道十五国の都督とした。豊城命の孫である。しかし春日の穴咋邑に着いて病んで薨じた。東国の百姓は、その王が来ないのを悲しみ、密かに王の屍を盗んで上野国に葬った。
五十六年秋八月、御諸別王に詔した。「お前の父彦狭嶋王は任所に着かないうちに早く薨じた。それでお前が専ら東国を治めよ。」御諸別王は命を承け、父の業を成そうとして往って治め、早くよい政をした。時に蝦夷が騒いだ。すぐに兵を挙げて撃った。蝦夷の首帥 足振辺・大羽振辺・遠津闇男辺らが叩頭して来て、罪を乞い、ことごとくその地を献った。それで降る者は赦し、服さない者は誅した。これによって東の国は久しく事がなかった。その子孫は今も東国にある。
五十七年秋九月、坂手池を造り、その堤に竹を植えた。冬十月、諸国に令して、田部と屯倉とを興させた。
五十八年春二月十一日、近江国に行幸して志賀に住むこと三年。これを高穴穂宮という。
六十年冬十一月七日、天皇は高穴穂宮に崩じた。時に年106歳であった。のち成務天皇二年冬十一月十日、倭国の山辺道上陵に葬った。
On the seventh day of the first month of the fifty-first year the emperor called his ministers together and feasted for several days. Prince Wakatarashihiko and Takeuchi no Sukune did not come into the banquet court, but waited beneath the gate against any emergency. The emperor summoned them and said: "I am making merry with the ministers. Why is it that you two alone do not come?" They answered: "On a day of feasting the ministers and all the officials turn their minds to pleasure and have no thought for the state. If some madman were to watch for a gap in the fence, the harm could not be measured. So we are beneath the gate, ready against any emergency." The emperor said: "That is admirable," and held them in special favour.
On the fourth day of the eighth month Prince Wakatarashihiko was made heir to the throne. On the same day Takeuchi no Sukune was appointed chief minister.
The sword Kusanagi that Yamatotakeru had worn is now at the shrine of Atsuta in the district of Ayuchi in the province of Owari.
On the fourth day of the fifth month of the fifty-second year the empress Harima no Ōiratsume died. On the seventh day of the seventh month Yasaka-irihime no Mikoto was made empress.
On the first day of the eighth month of the fifty-third year the emperor said to his ministers: "My longing for my dear son does not cease. I wish to travel and see the lands that Yamatotakeru subdued." In that month he went to Ise and turned into the eastern sea road. In the tenth month he came to the province of Kazusa and crossed by sea to the strait of Awa. There the cry of a kakuga bird was heard. Wishing to see the bird's form, he went out into the sea and found white clams. Then Iwakamutsukari, distant ancestor of the Kashiwade no Omi, made a cord of sedge for his sleeves, prepared the white clams raw, and offered them. So his service was praised and he was granted the Kashiwade no Ōtomobe. In the twelfth month the emperor returned from the eastern provinces and stayed in Ise, in what is called the palace of Kanhata.
On the nineteenth day of the ninth month of the fifty-fourth year he returned from Ise to Yamato and stayed in the palace of Makimuku.
On the fifth day of the second month of the fifty-fifth year Prince Hikosashima, a grandson of Toyoki no Mikoto, was appointed governor-general of the fifteen provinces of the eastern mountain road. But he fell ill at the village of Anakui in Kasuga and died. The people of the eastern provinces grieved that their prince did not come, and secretly stole his body and buried it in the province of Kōzuke.
In the eighth month of the fifty-sixth year the emperor said to Prince Mimorowake: "Your father Prince Hikosashima died early, before he reached his post. Therefore you are to govern the eastern provinces alone." Prince Mimorowake received the command and, wishing to complete his father's work, went and governed, and soon ruled well. Then the Emishi rose in disorder. He raised troops at once and struck them. The chiefs of the Emishi, Ashifuribe, Ōhafuribe, Tōtsukurao-be and the rest, bowed their heads to the ground, came in, begged for their offences, and gave up all their land. So those who surrendered were pardoned and those who did not submit were put to death. From this the eastern provinces were long without trouble, and the descendants of these men are in the eastern provinces to this day.
In the ninth month of the fifty-seventh year the pond of Sakate was made, and bamboo was planted on its bank. In the tenth month the provinces were ordered to establish rice-lands and granaries.
On the eleventh day of the second month of the fifty-eighth year the emperor went to the province of Ōmi and lived at Shiga for three years. This is called the palace of Takaanaho.
On the seventh day of the eleventh month of the sixtieth year the emperor died in the palace of Takaanaho, at the age of 106. Later, on the tenth day of the eleventh month of the second year of Emperor Seimu, he was buried in the tomb on the upper road of Yamanobe in the province of Yamato.
古事記は大帯日子淤斯呂和氣天皇の御年を137歳とし、御陵を山辺の道の上とするが、日本書紀は106歳とし、崩御の地を近江の高穴穂宮とする。古事記は五十一年以降の宴・東国巡幸・彦狭嶋王と御諸別王・坂手池にかかわる記事をいずれも伝えない。景行天皇陵は奈良県天理市の渋谷向山古墳に治定されているが、これは幕末から明治にかけての陵墓治定によるもので、被葬者を示す銘文や墓誌は出土していない。在位60年・106歳という紀年をそのまま実年代に換算できるとする説は現在ほとんど採られていない。
成務天皇、国郡の境と造長を定める
Emperor Seimu Fixes the Borders of Provinces and Appoints Governors
成務天皇（稚足彦天皇）は、景行天皇（大足彦忍代別天皇）の第四子である。母を八坂入媛命といい、八坂入彦皇子の女である。天皇は景行天皇四十六年、24歳で皇太子に立った。
景行天皇六十年冬十一月、景行天皇が崩じた。
元年春正月五日、皇太子が天皇の位に即いた。
二年冬十一月十日、景行天皇を倭国の山辺道上陵に葬った。皇后を尊んで皇太后とした。
三年春正月七日、武内宿禰を大臣とした。はじめ天皇と武内宿禰とは同じ日に生まれた。それで殊にこれを寵んだ。
四年春二月一日、詔した。「我が先の皇である大足彦天皇は聡明で武勇に優れ、大いなる運に応じて天業を受け、天の徳に順って人の心を治め、暴れる者を除き乱れた者を平げ、遠くの者を懐け近くの者を安んじ、天下を家として国内を鎮めた。ゆえに宗廟は絶えず、社稷は安らかである。朕は今、王土を承け継ぎ、王民を撫でようとする。どうすればよいか。今、百姓が争って境界を定めず、国郡に君長がなく、県邑に首渠がない。今より以後、国郡に長を立て、県邑に首を置け。すなわちその国の適った者を取って、その国郡の首長に任じよ。これが中つ国の守りとなるだろう。」
五年秋九月、諸国に令して、国郡に造長を立て、県邑に稲置を置き、あわせて楯と矛とを賜って表とした。山河を隔てて国県を分かち、阡陌に随って邑里を定めた。東西を日縦とし、南北を日横とした。山の南を影面といい、山の北を背面といった。これによって百姓は安らかに住み、天下は事がなかった。
四十八年春三月一日、甥の足仲彦尊を立てて皇太子とした。
六十年夏六月十一日、天皇が崩じた。時に年107歳であった。
Emperor Seimu (Wakatarashihiko) was the fourth child of Emperor Keikō (Ōtarashihiko-oshirowake). His mother was Yasaka-irihime no Mikoto, a daughter of Prince Yasaka-irihiko. In the forty-sixth year of Keikō's reign, at the age of 24, he was made heir.
In the eleventh month of the sixtieth year of Keikō's reign, Emperor Keikō died.
On the fifth day of the first month of the first year, the heir took the throne.
On the tenth day of the eleventh month of the second year, Emperor Keikō was buried in the tomb on the upper road of Yamanobe in the province of Yamato. The empress was raised to the rank of empress dowager.
On the seventh day of the first month of the third year, Takeuchi no Sukune was made chief minister. The emperor and Takeuchi no Sukune had been born on the same day, and for this he was held in special favour.
On the first day of the second month of the fourth year the emperor made this proclamation: "My father, Emperor Ōtarashihiko, was wise and brave. He met the great course of things and received the work of heaven; he followed the virtue of heaven and governed the hearts of men; he removed the violent and put down the disorderly; he drew in those far off and gave rest to those near; he made the realm his household and quieted the land within. Therefore the ancestral shrines have not failed and the altars of the state are at peace. I have now received the land of the sovereign and would care for the people of the sovereign. How should this be done? Now the people contend and no boundaries are fixed; the provinces and districts have no lords, the counties and villages have no heads. From now on let elders be set over the provinces and districts and heads placed over the counties and villages. Take a fit man of each province and appoint him head of that province or district. This will be the fence and guard of the central land."
In the ninth month of the fifth year the provinces were ordered to set up governors over provinces and districts and Inaki over counties and villages, and they were given shields and spears as their emblems. Mountains and rivers were made the divisions between provinces and counties, and the villages and hamlets were fixed according to the paths between the fields. East and west were reckoned as lengthwise with the sun, north and south as crosswise with it. The southern side of a mountain was called the light face and the northern side the back face. By this the people lived at ease and the realm was without trouble.
On the first day of the third month of the forty-eighth year, his nephew Tarashinakatsuhiko no Mikoto was made heir to the throne.
On the eleventh day of the sixth month of the sixtieth year the emperor died, at the age of 107.
古事記は若帯日子天皇について、宮を近淡海の志賀高穴穂宮とし、建内宿禰を大臣として大国小国の国造と国県の堺・大県小県の県主を定めたと短く記し、御年95歳、御陵を沙紀之多他那美とするが、日本書紀は宮を明示せず、107歳とし、陵の所在をこの巻に記さない（成務天皇の葬送は巻第八の仲哀天皇元年の条に置かれる）。日本書紀は詔と令の形で国郡の長と県邑の首、楯矛の授与、日縦・日横、影面・背面という方位の呼称までを整えて記すが、国造・県主の制度がこの時期に一斉に成立したとみる説は現在ほとんど採られず、六世紀以降の国造制の由来を成務朝に遡らせた記述とみる見方が有力である。武内宿禰と天皇が同日に生まれたとする記事は、景行天皇三年の武内宿禰誕生の条と対をなす。